Since an option is a depreciating asset, meaning it has a limited life, the extrinsic value in the option will wither away daily until expiration. This “decay” is not a linear function meaning it is not equally distributed between all of the days to expiration.

This is like a boulder rolling down a hill. The further it goes down the hill, the more steam it picks up until the hill ends.

By selling the option and owning the stock, the covered call seller captures the extrinsic value in the option by holding the short call until expiration.

We have now seen how a covered call strategy is constructed and how it is supposed to work. Keep in mind that the trade can be entered into in two ways. You can either sell calls against stock you already own (Covered Call) or you can buy stock and sell calls against them at the same time (Buy Write).

Example 1

You own 1000 shares of Oracle at $9.50.

The stock has been stuck around this level for a long time now and you have grown impatient. You finally give in and sell the front month (November for example) at-the-money calls. The at-the-money calls would have a strike price of $10 if the stock was trading at $9.50.

We do this mainly because the media and industry professionals have drilled into our heads, year after year, time after time, that it’s best to buy and hold. The recent bull market phenomenon also fueled this mindset because the ‘buy and hold’ strategy worked extremely well – for a while.

Whether or the not the ‘buy and hold’ strategy is still the most efficient way of investing remains a topic for discussion. However, it is still the strategy that most investors are comfortable with and tend to follow.

The first strategy we will discuss is a hybrid of the buy and hold strategy, one that provides for better and more consistent returns a large majority of the time when compared to naked stock ownership alone.

When we buy a stock, there are three possible outcomes. As we discussed previously, two of these scenarios are generally negative and only one outcome is generally positive. If the stock goes up, that is good. If the stock goes down, that is bad. And if the stock stays still, that is also a bad outcome.

To briefly recap, not only do you have a loss in opportunity cost (the money invested in your stagnant stock could be making you money if somewhere else) but also, you have incurred commission costs on both the way in and way out. So, in this case, only one of the three scenarios provides a positive return.

For the sake of description, we will identify the three potential scenarios as the “up” scenario, the “down” scenario and the “stagnant” scenario. By employing the covered call or “buy-write” strategy, you can change the outcome of the scenario profile so you have two positive potential results instead of only one.

Employing the covered call or “buy-write,” we still have the “up” scenario as a positive result, but now the “stagnant” scenario will also produce a positive result since we collect a premium and the third scenario, the “down” scenario will not be as negative.

Thanks to the covered call strategy, now two of three scenarios end in a positive result and the third has a result that is less negative.

Let’s take a closer look at the covered call strategy and its construction. There are two components of the covered call strategy, the stock component and the option component.

The stock component consists of a long stock position (you own stock). The option component consists of selling one call per every one-hundred shares of stock owned.

Remember, one option contract is worth one hundred shares of stock. So for example, 1000 shares of stock equals 10 call contracts or 200 shares equals 2 call contracts.

The chart below shows more examples of the proper construction of buy-writes.

Remember, when buying an option, you can only lose what you spend. The problem is the amount of extrinsic in the at-the-money option.

In order for you to profit from buying an at-the-money option, you need the stock to make a move very quickly. Because you have so much extrinsic value, you will be battling against the option’s daily rate of decay.

So, the movement of the stock must happen quickly enough and large enough to offset the amount of money you will be losing daily as expiration draws near.

However, with a smaller delta, the stock must move much more than either the in or at-the-money options in order for the options to become profitable. Again, we need the option’s delta to outpace the option’s rate of decay.

Now, with the out-of-the-money option, there is less extrinsic value than the at-the-money option so the amount of total possible decay (cost of the option) and the rate of this decay is less than the at-the-money option.

By being further out-of-the-money, this option needs more movement from the stock. As a naked option, this out-or-the-money example is extremely speculative and should only be used naked when the investor feels there is a very good chance of a stock having a large percentage move.